Diamond is a form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. At room temperature and pressure, another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form of carbon, but diamond almost never converts to it. Diamond is one of the hardest known substances, prized for the transparent and highly reflective crystals that make it sparkle. In addition to making fine gemstones, diamond is also used industrially for cutting, grinding, sawing, and drawing wire. Natural diamond is carbon crystals that forms under high temperature and pressure conditions that exist only about 100 miles beneath the earth’s surface. It is typically about 99.95 percent carbon. The other 0.05 percent can include one or more trace elements, which are atoms that aren’t part of the diamond’s essential chemistry. Diamond’s crystal structure is isometric, which means the carbon atoms are bonded in essentially the same way.

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