A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the emissions from an internal combustion engine which are used in most modern-day automobiles and vehicles. Enough oxygen is not available to oxidize the carbon fuel completely into carbon dioxide and water in these engines, thus toxic by-products are produced. Catalytic converters were first introduced in American production cars in 1975 due to Environment Protection Act (EPA) regulations on toxic emissions reductions. It is a simple device that uses basic redox reactions to reduce the pollutants a car makes. It converts around 98% of the harmful fumes produced by a car engine into less harmful gases. It is composed of a metal housing with a ceramic honeycomb-like interior with insulating layers. This honeycomb interior has thin wall channels that are coated with aluminium oxide. Without the redox process to filter and convert the nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides and hydrocarbons, the air quality becomes harmful to the human being.

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